The pile-driving machine-men gave me a good-natured challenge to vie with them in driving down a pile. They adopted the old method, while I adopted the new one. The resident managers sought out two great pile logs of equal size and length—70 feet long and 18 inches square. At a given signal we started together. I let in the steam, and the hammer at once began to work. The four-ton block showered down blows at the rate of eighty a minute; and in the course of four and a half minutes my pile was driven down to the required depth.
The men working at the ordinary machine had only begun to drive. It took them upwards of twelve hours to complete the driving of their pile! In the U. This hammer and its derivatives, the Raymond and Conmaco hammers became the most popular steam hammers in the U. The original steam hammers were single acting, i.
The twentieth century saw the development of hammers with downward assist of some kind, where the steam and later the compressed air was used to accelerate the ram downward more than gravity. These fell into two types. The first were the compound hammers, which used the air or steam expansively on the downstroke. The second were the double or differential acting hammers, which simply used the air or steam at full pressure to help accelerate the ram downward.
European manufacturers also developed closed-type double acting hammers. Under the proper conditions, timber piles are a very durable pile type, but timber piles are subject to varying degrees of deterioration. Moreover, timber piles are limited in length and size by the trees they come from. In , he introduced the use of reinforced concrete piles. The U. Raymond first used concrete piles in a building foundation in Chicago. Raymond went on to found the Raymond Concrete Pile Company, which for most of the twentieth century was the greatest pile driving organization in the world, even extending its activities to the construction of offshore oil platforms with steel pipe piles.
Timber piles were usually driven to less than 50 kips kN allowable capacity, but the new concrete piles were designed for 60 kips kN and higher. This meant that fewer piles and smaller footings could be utilized for the same imposed loads. Technological advances in the cement and concrete industries made concrete piles cost competitive and, because of this, their use became prevalent.
The beginning of the twentieth century also saw the start of the use of steel piling as well, both H-piles and pipe. Both of these steel shapes existed for structural use and were adapted to piles. In the case of pipe, though, the evolution of tubular steel piling went in two distinct directions:. H-piles were an outgrowth of I-beams driven to meet a serious problem: scour undermining of bridge piers and abutments in compact sand and gravel.
The piles could withstand both hard driving and were able to be driven deep enough to adequately resist scour. Bethlehem Steel rolled the first H-pile in and this replaced the I-beams used before that time. No history of piling would be complete without some mention of the advances in pile driving rigs. The most popular type of pile driving rig before the advent of crane-mounted rigs was the skid rig, as shown in Figure An advance with the skid rig is the rotating rig.
A larger and heavier version of this was the Long Swing Driver. The advent of large mobile cranes, with their greater maneuverability, led to a new era in pile driving rigs.
Nowhere is that better illustrated than in the subject of pile dynamics. The first attempt to model the dynamics of pile driving and to make this modeling useful to practitioners were the dynamic formulae. These formulae use Newtonian impact mechanics to model the motion of the pile; these results could generally be expressed in a simple formula, which could be readily applied to the work at hand. The most widely used dynamic formula is the Engineering News formula, although many others and their local variations have made their way into codes and other standards of practice Hiley, Gates, Danish, etc.
Many foundations have been installed using these formulae as a basis of pile control and acceptance. The dynamic formulae have been pilloried extensively since the wave equation became practical to use. Their three main weaknesses are. These weaknesses and others were not as apparent when timber piles installed using drop hammers was the norm in pile driving. With the introduction of concrete and steel piles these deficiencies became critical, especially when concrete piles began to exhibit tension cracking, a phenomenon the dynamic formulae could neither anticipate nor quantify.
It seems difficult to believe that such a simple looking operation as pile driving can involve such a complicated phenomenon as stress-wave propagation. The theory is discussed later in this book; the following is an overview of the development of this theory with application to piles.
The use of the wave equation or stress-wave theory to model impact pile driving began in Australia with the work of David Victor Isaacs. The dynamic formulae had been developed primarily with timber piles in mind; with the growing usage of concrete piles, it became apparent that, because of the length and properties of timber piles, the dynamic formulae with their assumption that the pile is a rigid mass would not be sufficient for concrete piles.
Isaacs began by reviewing the dynamic formulae. Part of his review included a discussion of the factor of safety, where he makes a statement that is still relevant:. He also describes an experiment where rods are impacted against each other in a pendulum arrangement. As the rods were lengthened, the behavior of the rods deviated more and more from Newtonian impact theory. He then developed an integration technique that is best described as a semi-graphical one.
He developed a mathematical model based on the successive transmission and reflection of waves similar in principle to the method of images. A sample solution is given Figure , in this case showing multiple impacts. He then constructed a machine to graphically integrate the solution, a diagram of which is shown in Figure He was then able to solve for the stresses and displacements of the pile during driving. Isaacs developed a set of formulae and charts to make his results accessible for the analysis of piles.
In the course of the investigation, Isaacs dealt with a number of questions that would become central to stress wave analysis of piles, including tension stresses in concrete piles, the effect of ram weight he concluded that a heavier ram reduced tension stresses, and the effect of hammer cushion stiffness and drive cap weight.
Glanville and his colleagues. This study was one of the first comprehensive studies on stress waves in piles. It was commissioned in part to investigate problems encountered in the breakage of concrete piles during driving, at both the head and the toe. Because of the complexity of the equations, the results were reduced to a series of charts where a quantity of dimensionless stress was plotted against the ratio of hammer weight to pile weight. The charts could then be used to estimate pile stresses and resistance.
The charts were applicable to concrete piles only, and this was a serious limitation to such solutions. An example of the data collected is illustrated in Figure , which shows actual photographs of the oscilloscope readings recording stresses at various points of the pile during driving. The Second World War interrupted further research; moreover, the difficulties that this study encountered in developing a readily usable prediction technique ended the possibility of using a closed form solution for this application.
Research has continued to the present on closed form solutions9. The difficulties in applying the closed form solutions, led to the use of numerical methods to model stress waves in piles and pile behavior itself.
Moreover geotechnical engineering in general was slower than other specialties to adopt advanced analytical techniques, primarily because the ground itself presented complexities that are in reality only now beginning to be modeled on a reasonable basis.
Experience and judgment, essential elements in any engineering practice, were and are especially important in geotechnical applications. This background clearly illustrates how remarkable the accomplishment of E. Smith10 really is. The hammer was modeled as a mass with a hammer cushion spring or capblock, to use the Raymond terminology.
These steps need to be completed:. Pages with this template. The original article was at Pile driver. The list of authors can be seen in the history for that page. Wikidwelling Explore. Community portal forum Recent blog posts.
Random article. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? Pile driver. Edit source History Talk 0. A crane with a pile driver. Summer, , pp. Seamans Jr. New York Times. Retrieved Categories Engineering vehicles Building engineering Geotechnical engineering Add category. Cancel Save. Fan Feed. Universal Conquest Wiki.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pile driver that may be added. Imported from Wikipedia This page is being imported from Wikipedia, to create a Wikidwelling stub or article. These steps need to be completed: Sections not relevant to Wikidwelling can be deleted, or trimmed to a brief comment. In the '70s and '80s, many wrestlers, including Sgt.
Slaughter, Paul Orndorff and Jerry Lynn had the classic piledriver in their arsenal. If many big names in the business used the classic one, Jerry "The King" Lawler is certainly the most famous. The maneuver became legendary in in the middle of an iconic feud between Lawler and Andy Kaufman.
In what was the precursor of the use of mainstream medias stars in the world of pro-wrestling, Kaufman received two of the most storied piledriver ever by Lawler. That match became the talk of the day in all medias and the feud was even continued on the "Late Night with David Letterman" show after Kaufman went out from hospital following the two piledrivers he received. If you want to learn more on the saga, there's a documentary called "I'm from Hollywood" available on DVD.
Karl Gotch is the first known innovator of a variant called the cradle piledriver, in which he enlaced an opponent's leg with his arms before landing. This way to perform the move is considered as the originator of the tombstone piledriver.
In the '70s and '80s, the tombstone, the most popular variant, appeared and was used by Andre The Giant in his prime and by The Dynamite Kid. The move, also called belly-to-belly piledriver, became famous with The Undertaker because, with the name it has, it fitted perfectly with his gimmick.
It is now the only piledriver that is still permitted in WWE because, after 20 years, The Deadman can do it safely and because the knees of the attacker take the shock unlike other seating piledrivers. There are several other versions of the move innovated in the last 30 years. Bruiser Brody used the stalling piledriver in which he held the his opponents upside down for some time before going down. And the most spectacular one is Petey Williams' Canadian Destroyer. Click here and there to see the tombstone applied by Andre The Giant.
You can watch a classic match in which Buddy Rogers wins a match against Johnny Valentine with a classic piledriver.
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